Following the demise of Sultan Melikşah, the Great Seljuk State was partitioned into smaller states such as the Syrian Seljuks (1092-1117), Iraq and Khorasan Seljuks (1092-1194), Kirman Seljuks (1092-1187) and the Anatolian Seljuks (1075-1318). Meanwhile, the Khorezm Shah State (1097-1231) was established by Mohammed Khorezm Shah, the son of Anush-Tegin the chamberlain of Sultan Melikşah.

The Anatolian Seljuk State, founded by Kutalmışoğlu Süleyman Bey, was the most prominent state succeeding the Great Seljuk State, and the capital of it was İznik (Nicaea). The Crusaders heading to the new capital, Konya, during the reign of Mesud I, the son of Kılıçarslan I, were defeated near the Ceyhan River. Sultan Kılıçarslan II, the successor and son of Mesud I, routed the Byzantine army at Myriokephalon near Denizli, eradicating the influence of the Byzantine Empire over Anatolia. The Anatolian Seljuks experienced their most brilliant period during the reign of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. However, the monarch’s being poisoned to death, caused chaos in the country. The uprising of the Babais was followed by the Mongol invasion. Following the Kösedağ War in 1243, Anatolia was invaded and utterly destroyed by the Mongols. Upon the weakening of the Mongol dominance in the late 13th century, the Turkomans who had settled on the frontiers founded the Beyliks (principalities) of Karaman, Germiyan, Eşref, Hamid, Alaiye, Ramazan, Dulkadir, Taceddin, Menteşe, Çandar, Pervane, Sahib Ata, Karesi, Saruhan, Aydın, İnanç and Ottoman. During this period called the “Beyliks Era”, whole Anatolia became Turkish territory and the country that had suffered the Mongol destruction was built all over again.