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| The day Mudanya Conference started - October 3rd, 1922 |
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| Government and
the Entente States (October 11th, 1922), and it was agreed
that a conference would be held later in Lausanne to negotiate
the provisions of the peace treaty. However, the additional invitation made by the Entente States to the İstanbul Government
brought the Sultanate to an end. The TGNA separated
the Caliphate from the Sultan-ate and abolished the sultanate
on November 1st, 1922. Consequently, the last Ottoman
Sultan Mehmet VI (Vahi-deddin) departed from İstanbul on
November 17th, 1922. |
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 The Lausanne Peace Treaty (July 24th, 1923): The Lausanne negotiations, in which the Ankara Government
participated as the sole representative, commenced on
No-vember 21st, 1922. The Minister of Foreign Affairs İsmet
Pasha (İnönü) presided over the Turkish delegation during
negotiations which were suspended in February 1923, espe-cially
due to the disagreement over the future of capitula-tions.
However, the talks resumed upon İsmet Pasha’s note dated
April 23rd, 1923. The signing of the peace treaty com-prising
143 articles, 17 annexes, protocols and declarations, concluded
the National War of Independence. Thus, the TGNA
Government was officially recognized, Turkey’s nation-al borders
were set, capitulations were lifted, the Ottoman debts
were restructured, and consequently the political and economic
independence and the right of sovereignty of Turkey
were officially recognized. The treaty signed in Lau-sanne,
Switzerland on July 24th, 1923, was ratified by the TGNA on
August 23rd, 1923.
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The History of
the
Republic
of Turkey |
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| Organization of the State and the Reforms: After
the National War of Independence was won and the Lau-sanne
Treaty was signed, the first step Mustafa Kemal took
was to merge the Anatolia and Rumelia Associations for Defense
of Rights established during the war into the Re-publican
People’s Party (CHP) and assume its chairman-ship. The
aim of the Republican People’s Party, was to mod-ernize the
country and to introduce the western system, in-stitutions and
lifestyle, which were adopted as a model. |
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| The Republic, regarded as the most important reform, was
proclaimed on October 29th, 1923. The leader of the nation-al
struggle, Mustafa Kemal, was unanimously elected the first
president of Turkey. İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appoint-ed as
the first prime minister. Four months after the decla-ration of
the republic, the TGNA abolished the Caliphate and also decided
to expel the members of the Ottoman dynasty (March
3rd, 1924). |
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| In order to achieve a modern pattern of a nation and society
it was necessary to separate religious and state affairs, and
provide freedom of faith and conscience for individuals. In this connection the Ministry of Shariah and Foundations was
abolished, and instead the Directorate of Religious Affairs |
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Mustafa Kemal giving his famous speech
in the TGNA after he was elected as President |
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