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and Taut, introduced a new character to the Turkish capital which was reshaped by the Jansen Plan. |
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| Another important development in this period was the publishing of the first Turkish architectural magazine by young architects Zeki Sayar, Abidin Mortaş and Abdullah Kozanoğlu. This magazine, first published under the name “Mimar” (Architect) between 1931 and 1936, was renamed “Arkitekt” following the language reform. Its name was changed once more to Mimarlık (Arcitecture) and it is currently the official journal of the Turkish Union of Architects established in 1954. |
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| The Second National Architectural Movement, gaining popularity in 1940s and 1950s, displayed characteristic differences with respect to the formalist concept of the 1920s and was based on the traditional rural architectural style pioneered by Sedat Hakkı Eldem. This movement employed structural elements such as eaves, corbels, cages and bay windows rather than ornamental elements and emphasized harmony and balance in architectural design. In the meantime, domestic construction and building materials industries developed with the selection of local materials and new construction techniques. |
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| Today, there is an ongoing exploration to shape a new national architectural movement following a period of rapid urbanization that began in the early 1980s and resulted in a process which completely ignored architects and architecture. Fundamental problems of Turkish architecture were discussed at the International Union of Architects (UIA) 22nd. World Architecture Congress hosted by the Turkish Union of Architects under the theme of “Grand Bazaar of Architectures” in İstanbul in 2005. The Architecture Policy of Turkey Implementing campaign launched by the Chamber of Architects in 2007, is intended to overcome difficulties in undertaking responsibilities and authorities required by the profession and discipline of architecture by public and take to steps to solve the problems legally with the help of legislation prepared by the trade association. |
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Music |
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| Turkish music displayed quite varying development courses starting from the Seljuk era until the present. These genres could be specified as the classical music developed by the intellectuals in the cities, the Turkish folk music which developed throughout centuries as a direct way of expression of the ordinary people of Anatolia, religious music and also military music. Regarding polyphony, which constitutes the foundation of Western music, it was embraced as a music genre in Turkey only after the Republic was founded. Pop, rock and jazz, which have developed to a great extent in recent times, are some other types of music enjoyed in Turkey. |
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| In addition to a great number of music festivals and other music activities in Turkey, choruses belonging to various artistic groups affiliated to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism gave over 800 concerts in all 81 provinces of Turkey in 2005. |
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 Polyphonic Turkish Music: Under the guidance of Atatürk, a movement oriented towards Western music began in musical endeavors and performances, in which contemporary music and Turkish folk music constituted the foundation, and international music techniques and instruments were being employed. Basic institutions began to be established both by the talented students educated abroad and foreign masters commissioned into Turkey such as Joseph Marx, Paul Hindermith, Carl Ebert and Béla Bartok. |
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| Efforts to perform folk music within the polyphonic system of the West were given due importance upon the establishment of the Ankara State Conservatory in 1936. Artists such as Cemal Reşit Rey, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Ferit Alnar and Necil Kazım Akses, who comprise the first generation of composers in the Republic era, were trained in various conservatories in the West, and |
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